Fig. 1

Comparisons of key life-history traits of female three-spined sticklebacks between the control (n = 159 females) and warm winter (n = 141 females) groups. Mean ± SE a standard length at the onset of the breeding season, b date of first spawning, c relationship between standard length and fecundity (total number of eggs produced during the breeding season), d reproductive lifespan calculated as date at last spawning – date at first spawning, e total number of spawning events and f survival curves for females during the reproductive season