Table 1 Annual percentage of feeding records on different food items from each plant species among the four Bale monkey groups
Family | Percentage of feeding records for each food item | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species consumed | Growth form | BYL | NBYL | SH | FL | FR | ST | PT | S | IN | OS | Total | |
Continuous A | |||||||||||||
 Poaceae | Arundinaria alpina | Bamboo | 57.69 | – | 19.66 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.02 | 79.37 |
 Rubiaceae | Galiniera saxifraga | Tree | – | 0.15 | – | – | 7.38 | – | – | – | – | – | 7.53 |
 Sterculiaceae | Dombeya torrida | Tree | – | – | – | 5.96 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.96 |
 Asteraceae | Mikaniopsis clematoides | Liana | – | 2.37 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.06 | 2.43 |
 Urticaceae | Urera hypselodendron | Liana | – | 0.03 | – | – | – | 0.85 | – | – | – | – | 0.89 |
 Poaceae | Bothriochloa radicans | Graminoid | – | 0.72 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.06 | 0.78 |
 Vitaceae | Cypostemma adenocaule | Liana | – | 0.20 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.20 |
 Rubiaceae | Galium spurium | Forb | – | 0.16 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.16 |
 Rosaceae | Rubus apetalus | Shrub | – | 0.03 | – | – | 0.06 | 0.03 | – | – | – | – | 0.12 |
 Asclepiadaceae | Oxystelma bornouense | Liana | – | 0.06 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.06 |
 Sapindaceae | Allophylus macrobotrys | Tree | – | – | – | – | 0.06 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.06 |
 Acanthaceae | Acanthopale pubescens | Forb | – | 0.03 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.03 |
|  | Insects |  | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.42 | – | 2.42 |
 Total |  |  | 57.69 | 3.76 | 19.66 | 5.96 | 7.50 | 0.88 | – | – | 2.42 | 2.14 | 100.00 |
Continuous B | |||||||||||||
 Poaceae | Arundinaria alpina | Bamboo | 64.20 | – | 17.59 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.26 | 83.05 |
 Rubiaceae | Galiniera saxifraga | Tree | – | 0.19 | – | 0.03 | 5.36 | – | – | – | – | – | 5.58 |
 Sterculiaceae | Dombeya torrida | Tree | – | – | – | 4.51 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4.51 |
 Asteraceae | Mikaniopsis clematoides | Liana | – | 2.16 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.16 |
 Urticaceae | Urera hypselodendron | Liana | – | 0.26 | – | – | – | 1.74 | – | – | – | – | 2.00 |
 Poaceae | Bothriochloa radicans | Graminoid | – | 0.63 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.05 | 0.68 |
 Vitaceae | Cypostemma adenocaule | Liana | – | 0.43 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.43 |
 Acanthaceae | Acanthopale pubescens | Forb | – | 0.08 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.08 |
|  | Insects |  | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.50 | – | 1.50 |
 Total |  |  | 64.20 | 3.76 | 17.59 | 4.54 | 5.36 | 1.74 | – | – | 1.50 | 1.31 | 100.00 |
Patchy fragment | |||||||||||||
 Poaceae | Arundinaria alpina | Bamboo | 15.70 | – | 13.34 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.14 | 30.18 |
 Apiaceae | Centellia asiatica | Forb | – | 12.76 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12.76 |
 Rubiaceae | Galiniera saxifraga | Tree | – | 0.05 | – | – | 7.35 | – | – | – | – | – | 7.39 |
 Rosaceae | Rubus apetalus | Shrub | – | 0.04 | – | – | 6.08 | 0.82 | – | – | – | – | 6.94 |
 Poaceae | Cynodon dactylon | Graminoid | – | 3.85 | – | – | – | 0.86 | – | – | – | – | 4.71 |
 Fabaceae | Trifolium tembense | Forb | – | 4.16 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4.16 |
 Rubiaceae | Canthium oligocarpum | Tree | – | 0.17 | – | 0.23 | 3.49 | – | – | – | – | 0.03 | 3.91 |
 Poaceae | Hordeum vulgare a | Graminoid | – | 0.17 | – | – | – | – | – | 3.44 | – | – | 3.61 |
 Poaceae | Poa annua | Graminoid | – | 0.96 | – | – | – | – | – | 2.28 | – | – | 3.25 |
 Myrsinaceae | Maesa lanceolata | Tree | – | – | – | – | 2.74 | 0.36 | – | – | – | – | 3.10 |
 Aquifo liaceae | Ilex mitis | Tree | – | 0.48 | – | 0.43 | 0.22 | 1.02 | – | – | – | – | 2.15 |
 Musaceae | Ensete ventricosum a | Forb | – | 0.09 | 1.00 | – | – | 0.87 | – | – | – | – | 1.96 |
 Papilionaceae | Erythrina brucei | Tree | – | 0.32 | – | – | – | 0.68 | 0.10 | – | – | 0.02 | 1.11 |
 Poaceae | Zea mays a | Graminoid | – | – | – | – | 1.05 | 0.05 | – | – | – | – | 1.09 |
 Apiaceae | Agrocharis melanantha | Forb | – | 0.98 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.98 |
 Asteraceae | Carduus schimperi | Forb | – | – | – | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.51 | – | – | – | – | 0.85 |
 Urticaceae | Urera hypselodendron | Liana | – | – | – | – | 0.19 | 0.59 | – | – | – | – | 0.78 |
 Asteraceae | Bothriocline schimperi | Shrub | – | – | – | – | – | 0.62 | – | – | – | – | 0.62 |
 Araceae | Arisaema schimperianum | Forb | – | 0.12 | – | – | – | 0.40 | – | – | – | – | 0.52 |
 Poaceae | Pennisetum thunbergii | Graminoid | – | 0.40 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.40 |
 Poaceae | Bothriochloa radicans | Graminoid | – | 0.37 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.37 |
 Caryophyllaceae | Drymaria cordata | Forb | – | 0.33 | – | – | – | 0.02 | – | – | – | – | 0.35 |
 Amaryllidaceae | Allium sp. | Graminoid | – | 0.22 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.05 | 0.27 |
 Polygonaceae | Rumex nepalensis | Forb | – | 0.26 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.26 |
 Fabaceae | Trifolium substerraneum | Forb | – | 0.23 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.23 |
 Solanaceae | Solanum tuberosum a | Forb | – | 0.20 | – | – | 0.02 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.22 |
 Poaceae | Deschampsia caespitosa | Graminoid | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.21 | – | – | 0.21 |
 Rosaceae | Hagenia abyssinica | Tree | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.19 | – | – | – | 0.19 |
 Oleaceae | Jasminum abyssinicum | Liana | – | 0.08 | – | – | 0.10 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.18 |
 Casuarinaceae | Casuarina equisetifolia | Tree | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.15 | – | – | 0.15 |
 Myrsinaceae | Embelia schimperi | Liana | – | 0.03 | – | – | 0.09 | 0.02 | – | – | – | – | 0.14 |
 Cucurbitaceae | Lagenaria abyssinica | Liana | – | – | – | – | 0.14 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.14 |
 Balsaminaceae | Impatiens hochstetteri | Forb | – | – | – | – | – | 0.12 | – | – | – | – | 0.12 |
 Poaceae | Avena fatua | Graminoid | – | 0.11 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.11 |
 Rubiaceae | Galium spurium | Forb | – | 0.10 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.10 |
 Cupressaceae | Juniperus procera | Tree | – | – | – | – | 0.09 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.09 |
 Agaricaceae | Mushroom | Fungi | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.09 | 0.09 |
 Poaceae | Snowdenia polystacha | Graminoid | – | 0.09 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.09 |
 Asclepiadaceae | Oxystelma bornouense | Liana | – | 0.08 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.08 |
 Asteraceae | Vernonia sp. | Shrub | – | – | – | – | – | 0.06 | – | – | – | – | 0.06 |
 Compositae | Lactuca glandulifera | Liana | – | 0.06 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.06 |
 Lamiaceae | Pycnostachys eminii | Shrub | – | – | – | – | – | 0.06 | – | – | – | – | 0.06 |
 Poaceae | Cyperus rigidifolius | Graminoid | – | – | – | – | – | 0.05 | – | – | – | – | 0.05 |
 Asteraceae | Carduus leptacanthus | Forb | – | – | – | – | – | 0.04 | – | – | – | – | 0.04 |
 Poaceae | Eleusine floccifolia | Graminoid | – | 0.04 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.04 |
 Lamiaceae | Plectranthus alpinus | Forb | – | – | – | 0.02 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.02 |
 Asphodelaceae | Kniphofia sp. | Forb | – | 0.02 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.02 |
 Lamiaceae | Plectranthus garckeanus | Forb | – | – | – | – | – | 0.02 | – | – | – | – | 0.02 |
|  | Unidentified Grass | Graminoid | – | 1.63 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.63 |
|  | Unidentified Herb | Forb | – | 0.85 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.85 |
|  | Insects |  | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3.34 | – | 3.34 |
 Total |  |  | 15.70 | 29.19 | 14.34 | 1.00 | 21.58 | 7.15 | 0.29 | 6.08 | 3.34 | 1.32 | 100.00 |
Hilltop fragment | |||||||||||||
 Poaceae | Bothriochloa radicans | Graminoid | – | 15.27 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15.27 |
 Rubiaceae | Galiniera saxifraga | Tree | – | – | – | – | 11.73 | 0.05 | – | – | – | – | 11.77 |
 Rosaceae | Rubus apetalus | Shrub | – | – | – | – | 7.47 | 1.95 | – | – | – | – | 9.41 |
 Rosaceae | Hagenia abyssinica | Tree | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8.44 | – | – | – | 8.44 |
 Asteraceae | Bothriocline schimperi | Shrub | – | – | – | – | – | 8.06 | – | – | – | – | 8.06 |
 Apiaceae | Centellia asiatica | Forb | – | 7.92 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7.92 |
 Aquifoliaceae | Ilex mitis | Tree | – | – | – | 2.28 | – | 3.51 | – | – | – | – | 5.79 |
 Apiaceae | Haplosciadium abyssinicum | Forb | – | 3.52 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3.52 |
 Urticaceae | Urera hypselodendron | Liana | – | – | – | – | 0.71 | 1.69 | – | – | – | – | 2.40 |
 Poaceae | Arundinaria alpina | Bamboo | 1.34 | – | 0.27 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.61 |
 Commelinaceae | Commelina sp. | Forb | – | 0.31 | – | – | – | 1.11 | – | – | – | – | 1.42 |
 Fabaceae | Trifolium tembense | Forb | – | 1.08 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.08 |
 Asteraceae | Crassocephalum macropappus | Forb | – | 0.79 | – | – | – | 0.21 | – | – | – | – | 1.00 |
 Cupressaceae | Juniperus procera | Tree | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | – | – | – | 1.00 |
 Lamiaceae | Plectranthus alpinus | Forb | – | 0.22 | – | 0.07 | – | 0.59 | – | – | – | – | 0.88 |
 Poaceae | Poa annua | Graminoid | – | 0.19 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.50 | – | – | 0.69 |
 Urticaceae | Pilea rivularis | Forb | – | 0.17 | – | – | – | 0.33 | – | – | – | – | 0.50 |
 Poaceae | Cynodon dactylon | Graminoid | – | 0.49 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.49 |
 Caryophyllaceae | Drymaria cordata | Forb | – | 0.29 | – | – | – | 0.11 | – | – | – | – | 0.39 |
 Balsaminaceae | Impatiens hochstetteri | Forb | – | – | – | 0.04 | – | 0.34 | – | – | – | – | 0.38 |
 Asteraceae | Mikaniopsis clematoides | Liana | – | 0.11 | – | – | – | 0.22 | – | – | – | – | 0.33 |
|  | Keshansho | Graminoid | – | 0.33 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.33 |
 Asteraceae | Carduus schimperi | Forb | – | – | – | 0.11 | – | 0.09 | – | – | – | – | 0.20 |
 Asteraceae | Vernonia rueppellii | Shrub | – | 0.02 | – | – | – | 0.11 | – | – | – | – | 0.13 |
 Solanaceae | Discopodium penninervium | Tree | – | 0.04 | – | 0.09 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.13 |
 Papilionaceae | Erythrina brucei | Tree | – | – | – | – | – | 0.03 | 0.10 | – | – | – | 0.12 |
 Rosaceae | Alchemilla fischeri | Forb | – | 0.12 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.12 |
 Poaceae | Zea mays a | Graminoid | – | – | – | – | 0.11 | – | – | – | – | – | 0.11 |
 Olaeaceae | Jasminum abyssinicum | Liana | – | 0.11 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.11 |
 Asteraceae | Echinops sp. | Forb | – | – | – | – | – | 0.09 | – | – | – | – | 0.09 |
 Urticaceae | Girardinia bullosa | Forb | – | 0.09 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.09 |
 Capparaceae | Ritchiea albersii | Tree | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.05 | – | – | – | 0.05 |
 Urticaceae | Urtica simensis | Forb | – | 0.04 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.04 |
 Agaricaceae | Agaricaceae sp. | Fungi | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.03 | 0.03 |
 Crassulaceae | Crassula alsinoides | Forb | – | 0.02 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.02 |
|  | Sheshako | Shrub | – | – | – | – | – | 0.02 | – | – | – | – | 0.02 |
|  | Unidentified Grass | Graminoid | – | 1.46 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.46 |
|  | Unidentified Herb | Forb | – | 0.88 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.88 |
|  | Insects |  | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 13.68 | – | 13.68 |
 Total |  |  | 1.34 | 33.49 | 0.27 | 2.59 | 21.02 | 18.50 | 8.59 | 0.50 | 13.68 | 0.03 | 100.00 |