Fig. 1
From: Quantifying the unquantifiable: why Hymenoptera, not Coleoptera, is the most speciose animal order
An illustration of how uncertainty about specialist vs. generalist behaviours might lead to misleading conclusions about parasitoid species richness. In a, each host species (differently colored beetles) is attacked by two parasitoids. However, because all parasitoids attack all four beetles the overall species richness of hosts exceeds that of the parasitoids (i.e., P:H < 1). In b, while some hosts have only one parasitoid, overall parasitoid richness exceeds host richness (P:H > 1) because some parasitoids are more specialized