Table 4 Species–habitat associations with different life forms and shade tolerance in the 30-ha Fenglin permanent plot
From: Species–habitat associations in an old-growth temperate forest in northeastern China
Ridge | Sunny | Shady | Valley shady side | Valley sunny side | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shade-tolerant shrubs | N | − | + | N | N |
Light-demanding shrubs | − | N | N | N | + |
Midtolerant shrubs | + | + | N | − | − |
Shade-tolerant trees | − | N | N | + | + |
Light-demanding trees | + | N | − | + | − |
Midtolerant trees | N | + | − | N | + |
Shade-tolerant | − | − | + | + | + |
Light-demanding | + | N | − | + | N |
Midtolerant | + | + | − | − | − |
Trees | N | N | − | + | + |
Shrubs | + | + | N | − | − |