Fig. 1

Experimental plot combination of the 2 × 2 factorial design, four treatments replicated eight times in each of three alpine plant communities in the Dovre Mountains, Central Norway. The treatments consisted of plots with and without herbivore exclosures, and plots with and without Salix introduction with four Salix transplants, that were a mixture of Salix glauca and S. lapponum. Top right photo is an exclosure in the meadow community and lower left photo is a Salix transplant in the heath