Table 2 Estimated standardized total effects (i.e. the sum of the direct effect and all possible indirect effects) and direct effects with corresponding p-values from the structural equation model for Fucus spp. populations located in the Baltic Sea
| Â | Direct effect | p-value (direct) | Total effect |
|---|---|---|---|
Thallus area (cm2) | 0.155 | 0.000 | 0.155 |
Turbidity | 0.097 | 0.003 | 0.177 |
Grazing | 0.013 | 0.601 | 0.013 |
Nitrate (µmol/l) | − 0.150 | 0.000 | − 0.157 |
Oxygen (ml/l) | − 0.422 | 0.000 | − 0.355 |
Phosphate (µmol/l) | 0.083 | 0.006 | 0.080 |
Salinity | − 0.528 | 0.000 | − 0.468 |
Temperature (°C) | − 0.621 | 0.000 | − 0.351 |