Table 3 Estimated standardized total effects (i.e. the sum of the direct effect and all possible indirect effects) and direct effects with corresponding p-values from the structural equation model for Fucus spp. populations located in the transition zone and the eastern North Sea
| Â | Direct effect | p-value (direct) | Total effect |
|---|---|---|---|
Thallus area (cm2) | 0.095 | 0.032 | 0.095 |
Turbidity | 0.254 | 0.000 | 0.313 |
Grazing | 0.066 | 0.107 | 0.075 |
Nitrate (µmol/l) | − 0.123 | 0.187 | − 0.145 |
Oxygen (ml/l) | 0.138 | 0.094 | 0.158 |
Phosphate (µmol/l) | 0.308 | 0.000 | 0.308 |
Salinity | 0.348 | 0.001 | 0.161 |
Temperature (°C) | 0.114 | 0.026 | 0.078 |