Fig. 1

Influence of artificial light at night (ALAN) on populations consisting of two small mammal species [bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius)] in an outdoor enclosure. Grey dots show the underlying empirical data, black dots show the predicted means of the linear mixed models. Solid lines represent confidence intervals. a Diurnality index depending on light treatment and species. Dashed line marks the area where the diurnality index is zero and animals therefore neither prefer nor avoid daylight hours. Predicted means and confidence intervals for the main effect of light treatment are shown. The main effect of species was significant (Wald test: χ² = 4.57, P = 0.032) while an interaction of both variables was not. b Home range size depending on the interaction of light treatment and daytime. c Home range overlap depending on the interaction of light treatment and daytime and d on the interaction of light treatment and species composition (dyads consisted of two con- or heterospecifics). e Proximity and f activity synchrony of individuals depending on light treatment and species composition. (*)—P < 0.1, *—P < 0.05, **—P < 0.01, ***—P < 0.001