Fig. 4

Coexistence regions for metabolic trade-off. Long-term outcome of mapping over cycles in parameter space representing the metabolic trade-off (\(\delta \alpha _1,\delta \varphi _1\)). Shaded regions indicate stable coexistence, outside this region one of the strains will take over. Parameter values indicated by blue dots correspond to the panels in Fig. 3. Depending on the dilution rate d, these parameters are either inside or outside the coexistence region