Fig. 4

Time-dependent expected fitness (left column) and optimal behavioral unpredictability (right column). Top figures correspond with a case where behavioral unpredictability has no effect on the expected behavioral outcome (\(u=0\)). The bottom figures correspond with a case where behavioral unpredictability q has a negative effect on the expected behavioral outcome (\(u=-0.1\)). The interpretation of the left column figures is the same as that for Figs. 2 and 3. In the right column figures, grey color is used for \(\tau =0\) and \(y=0\) because \(\tau =0\) is at reproduction and foragers no longer forage, and \(y=0\) represents deterministic death (Eq. 2)